Increase in DNA fragmentation and the role of ethylene and reactive oxygen species in petal senescence of Osmanthus fragrans

In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans Lour.) flowers, petal browning, partial abscission and wilting are the visible symptoms of senescence, 4–5 days after flowering, which seriously affect its ornamental and economic value. In the present study, DNA fragmentation was used as a marker to investigate the role of ethylene and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in flower senescence of O. fragrans ‘Liuye Jingui’. In intact plants, nuclear shrinkage and DNA fragmentation occurred at the late full flowering stage when senescence symptoms became visible. This coincided with a rapid increase in ethylene production, ROS generation and lipid peroxidation. To further determine the role of ethylene and ROS in flower senescence, cut flowers were treated with ethephon, silver thiosulphate (STS), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and vitamin C (Vc). The vase life of cut flowers was significantly prolonged by 0.2 mM STS and 2.5 mM Vc treatments, but reduced by 0.03% H₂O₂ and 500 mg L⁻¹ ethephon treatments, compared to distilled water. The percentage of DNA fragmentation was dramatically increased by ethephon but reduced by STS treatment throughout vase life. In contrast, the dramatic increase of DNA fragmentation in the H₂O₂ treated samples was only observed at day three, and clear petal abscission and rapid petal wilting occurred only with ethephon. Compared with the distinguishable nuclei and complete vacuoles in both STS treatment and distilled water, ethephon treatment caused substantial damage to large central vacuoles and other organelles, and many petal cells twisted out of shape due to a loss of cytoplasm, resulting in rapid petal wilting. Thus, it is concluded that ethylene plays an important role in flower senescence of sweet osmanthus, enhancing DNA fragmentation, damaging cellular structure, and leading to petal abscission and wilting. In addition, ROS is also involved in the regulation of late DNA degradation and lipid peroxidation.     

不同土壤水分条件下施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响

在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了水分胁迫(W1)和水分适宜(W2)条件下不同施磷量对小麦旗叶衰老及产量的影响.结果表明,小麦开花后,W1水平下,施磷150 kg/hm~2处理的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)下降幅度及丙二醛(MDA)上升幅度较其他处理小;W2水平下,随施磷量的增加,SOD、POD和CAT活性增加、MDA降低,可见水分胁迫下适宜的施磷量以及适宜的水分条件下增加施磷量均可以改善小麦体内的保护酶,增加小麦叶面积指数和旗叶叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,进而延缓衰老,提高产量.本试验条件下,虽然75%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合达到了最高产量,但与55%土壤田间持水量与施磷量150 kg/hm~2的处理组合的产量差异不显著,综合观之,后者是最佳水肥处理组合.     

叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响

露地栽培条件下,人为控制厚皮甜瓜单株留叶数,形成不同的叶果比,分析甜瓜叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量变化,探讨叶果比对甜瓜叶片衰老的影响.结果表明,随着叶果比减小叶片生理活性增强,表明增加库的能力,可以增强叶片的生理活性,但叶果比减小到一定程度后,叶片的生理活性不仅不增强反而会减小,这是因为源的减少促进了叶片的早衰,黄河蜜、银峰、玉金香适宜叶果比分别为66、48、30,说明对一个特定品种来说,都有一个源库协调的问题,过多或不及,均不利于延缓叶片的衰老.相同叶果比下,叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖下降幅度和丙二醛上升幅度,黄河蜜>银峰>玉金香,说明大果型品种对摘叶处理反应比银峰中果型和小果型更为敏感.生产实践中,通过整枝减小叶果比,对特定的品种形成适宜叶果比来延缓叶片的衰老,大果型品种叶果比>中果型>小果型.     

不同基因型谷子叶片衰老的研究

以谷子品种‘05-61'和‘金谷3号'为材料,研究不同基因型谷子开花至成熟期叶片的叶绿素含量、酶促防御系统的保护酶SOD、CAT活性和MDA积累量的动态变化规律.结果表明,两个参试品种各功能叶片的叶绿素含量,SOD、CAT等保护性酶活性呈由高到低的变化趋势,MDA含量随着叶片的衰老而升高;与‘金谷3号'谷子相比,‘05-61'叶片防御活性氧毒害的保护酶活性高且下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低且增长缓慢,在籽粒灌浆中后期表现更为明显.研究认为,在旱作农业生产中,延缓叶片衰老,对促进糜子籽粒充实,提高谷子产量和品质具有重要作用.     

活性氧与果实成熟衰老关系研究进展

活性氧在果实的成熟衰老过程中起着重要的作用。植物体内活性氧的爆发会直接引起衰老,甚至死亡。笔者从活性氧的性质、产生、防御系统以及与乙烯、脂氧合酶的作用等方面对活性氧代谢与果实成熟衰老的关系做了介绍。     

氮素营养水平对棉花衰老的影响及其生理机制

 【目的】探讨在大田条件下,土壤氮素含量水平对棉花生长过程中叶片生理生化指标、干物质积累量、组织含水量、叶面积载荷量的影响,为调控棉花早衰和提高棉花产量提供依据。【方法】设置3个氮素水平（纯N：低氮 0 kg?hm-2;中氮189.50 kg?hm-2;高氮395.0 kg?hm-2）处理,研究棉花衰老过程中主茎功能叶的生理生化指标变化,植株的干物质积累量、组织含水量及载荷量特征。【结果】盛铃末期为处理间生理生化指标产生差异的起始时期。与中氮、高氮相比,从盛铃末期开始,低氮处理棉花的叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、SOD和POD活性降低,组织含水量和干物质积累量快速下降,而MDA含量、叶面积载荷量快速升高,加速了棉株衰老的进程。增加氮素营养能够明显提高叶片的生理活性,提高组织含水量和干物质积累量,延缓衰老。【结论】在本试验条件下,盛铃末期是棉花叶片生理功能从旺盛生理功能到衰退的转折时期。土壤氮素含量与棉花衰老密切相关,低氮处理加速降低叶片的生理活性,造成早衰;中氮和高氮水平能够延缓棉花衰老现象。     

深松和翻耕对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响

为了解深松耕作对小麦根系衰老及产量的影响,以济麦22为材料,通过田间试验,对深松与翻耕条件下旱地小麦花后根系部分生理指标以及籽粒产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,与翻耕处理相比,深松处理小麦花后根系能够保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶活性与硝酸还原酶活性,丙二醛含量较低,可溶性蛋白含量降低缓慢,说明深松处理能够减缓根系的衰老。深松处理的小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重高于翻耕处理,其中穗粒数增加达到显著水平,是深松处理增产的主要原因。     

糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢研究

以榆糜3号为试验材料,研究糜子叶片衰老与活性氧代谢特性。结果表明,随着植株衰老,不同叶位超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶等保护性酶活性呈由高到低的变化趋势,旗叶活性氧保护酶含量高且下降缓慢,丙二醛含量低且增长缓慢,在籽粒灌浆中后期表现更为明显。研究认为,在旱作农业生产中,延缓叶片衰老,对促进糜子籽粒充实,提高糜子产量和品质具有重要作用。     

大穗型小麦豫麦66的叶片衰老研究及氮代谢

为了阐明大穗型品种豫麦66的灌浆后期衰老特征,本文以小偃22为对照,对两个品种生育后期的衰老以及氮代谢做了研究。结果表明,灌浆后期大穗型品种豫麦66的绿叶面积高于小偃22,MDA含量较小偃22低。其叶片、茎秆以及籽粒的全氮含量均高于小偃22。花前的氮素转运率豫麦66高于小偃22,对于籽粒的贡献率而言,豫麦66花前低于小偃22,花后高于小偃22。因此,大穗型品种豫麦66在生育后期较高的含氮量保证了其后期的高光合作用,进一步提高了产量。     

Relationship between grain filling duration and leaf senescence of temperate rice under high temperature

High temperature during grain filling period has been reported to decrease the grain filling duration, leading to the lower grain weight and yield of rice. Two experiments in the phytotron and field were carried out to test the hypothesis that the leaf senescence of rice plants may determine the grain filling duration under high temperature. In the phytotron experiment in 2008, rice plants of a japonica cultivar “Ilpumbyeo” were subjected to three minimum/maximum (mean) temperature regimes of 11/19 (15), 17/25 (21), and 23/31 °C (27 °C). In the field experiment, rice seedlings of the same rice cultivar were transplanted on May 6th and June 19th in 2009 and the mean temperatures during the grain filling period were 24.4 and 21.9 °C, respectively. Both experiments revealed consistently that high temperature increased the rates of grain filling and leaf senescence while it reduced the durations of them. However, grain filling was terminated earlier than complete leaf senescence, the time gap being greater at higher temperature. In addition, the fraction of dry matter partitioning to the leaf sheath + culm resumed to increase following the termination of grain filling under high temperature, indicating that leaves were still maintaining photosynthetic capacity and supplying assimilates into the other plant tissues except grain even after the termination of grain filling. These findings suggest that an early termination of grain filling in temperate rice under high temperature was not resulted from the lack of assimilate owing to the early leaf senescence but from the loss of sink activity owing to the earlier senescence of panicle.